Composite material for tissue repair

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides a biocompatible composite and method for its use in repairing tissue defects, including defects in cartilage. The biocompatible composite includes a fibrous polymeric component and a polymerizable agent, which is capable of forming the biocompatible composite in situ at the site of a tissue defect. In embodiments, the repair site at which the biocompatible composite is to be applied may be treated with a priming agent, permitting polymerization of the polymerizable agent to the tissue located at the repair site.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure pertains to biocompatible composites which may beformed in situ at the site of a tissue defect and their use in repairingdefects in tissue. More specifically, the present disclosure is directedto biocompatible composites including both a fibrous polymeric componentin combination with a polymerizable agent such as a polymeric hydrogelfor use in repairing defects in tissue, including cartilage.

BACKGROUND

Integration of biomaterials with the body is a longstanding problem inmedicine. Lack of proper integration with the body sacrifices implantlongevity and function. Hard tissues such as cartilage and bone presentparticular challenges to integration.

Every year in the U.S. there are about 570,000 traumatic injuries toknee articular cartilage, many the result of sports and recreationalactivities, and approximately half of these require some sort of surgeryto repair. Those with articular cartilage injuries often face a seriesof subsequent surgical interventions throughout their lifetimes, only toend up receiving a total knee replacement. Over 300,000 procedures totreat cartilage defects were performed in 1999; over 240,000 total kneereplacements were performed in the same year. Of the 300,000 proceduresthat were performed on cartilage defects, over 90% were performedarthroscopically, and on an outpatient basis.

Articular cartilage consists of a dense meshwork of collagen fibers(primarily type II, with lesser amounts of other collagens such as typeIV, V, IX and XI), embedded in a high concentration of proteoglycan,primarily aggrecan. Collagen influences the tensile properties of thecartilage while the proteoglycans influence the compressive propertiesof the cartilage. Cartilage is heterogeneous with depth, with thecollagen fibers being particularly dense and oriented at the superficialzone, where higher tensile properties are found, with a more randomarrangement in the middle and deeper zones of the cartilage. The tensilemodulus of articular cartilage may be from about 1 to about 8 MPa, whilethe tensile modulus of cartilage in the superficial zone may be fromabout 8 to about 14 MPa. The compressive modulus of articular cartilagemay be from about 0.2 to about 0.9 MPa, and the permeability coefficientof articular cartilage may be from about 2.0 to about 0.15 (10⁻¹⁵m⁴/Nsec).

Articular damage ranges from mild and asymptomatic to extensive andseverely affecting function, and over time it frequently progresses fromless to more severe pathology. The Outerbridge classification system isfrequently used to provide a grade of cartilage damage, and ranges fromsoftening of the articular cartilage (Grade I), superficial fibrillation(Grade II), deep fissuring and extensive loss of cartilage withoutexposed bone (Grade III), and loss of cartilage down to exposed bone(Grade IV). Defects less than 2 cm² are considered small, 2-10 cm² aremoderate, and greater than 10 cm² are considered large. Cartilagedefects have a range of severity (some studies suggest the majority arechondral grade III), and frequently they are present in relatively youngindividuals.

Treatment options for cartilage defects include debridement, shaving andabrasion arthroplasty, subchondral drilling, microfracture, allografttransplantation, autograft implantation, and autologous cellimplantation. These treatments involve one or more of the following: (a)clearing damaged cartilage; (b) invasion of the subchondral bone toinduce host repair tissue formation; and/or (c) transplantation of cellsor osteochondral plugs. Each treatment has demonstrated some value buteach also has significant limitations, which can include safety andsupply of allografts, donor site morbidity associated with autograftprocedures, expense, and the removal of normal articular cartilage tomake regularly shaped defect sites. Patients frequently undergo anextensive physical therapy program, requiring restricted use for longperiods of time. Treatments rarely offer repair with rapid restorationof function, and few are designed to address grade III defects.

The adhesion of cartilage to cartilage requires molecular bridgingbetween the cartilage surfaces. Tissue culture conditions with load upto 77 kPa have been used to induce adhesion. A fibrin sealant providesabout 29 kPa adhesive strength, and the enzyme tissue transglutaminaseprovides an adhesive strength of 25 kPa. Pre-treatment of a sealantand/or repair site with chondroitinase AC may achieve a 30%-60% increasein adhesive strength. In vivo integration of new tissue usingcell-seeded scaffolds can achieve higher interface strengths, of 286 kPaup to 1.2 MPa after 8 months growth.

A consistent limitation in the current repair procedures is the lack ofadhesion to the surrounding tissue. This profoundly limits the strengthand durability of these materials, as they do not integrate well withthe tissue.

Thus, there remains a substantial need for improvement in the treatmentoptions for tissue defects, including the treatment of cartilageinjuries and chronic articular degeneration.

SUMMARY

The present composites for repairing tissue defects include a fibrouspolymeric component in combination with a polymeric hydrogel, whereinthe hydrogel optionally bonds to tissue at the site of the defect.

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods includingidentifying a tissue defect for repair, applying a fibrous polymericcomponent in combination with a polymerizable agent to said tissuedefect, and reacting the polymerizable agent in the presence of thefibrous polymeric component to form a biocompatible composite in thetissue defect that is optionally bound to tissue at the site of thedefect. In some embodiments, the reacting step includes exposing thepolymerizable agent to a source of ultraviolet radiation. In otherembodiments, a the reacting step does not include exposing thepolymerizable agent to a source of ultraviolet radiation, but rather canbe chemically induced. In still further embodiments both chemical andultraviolet radiation can be used.

In embodiments, the tissue defect may be primed with a priming agent,optionally in combination with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, prior toapplying the fibrous polymeric component in combination with thepolymerizable agent.

The present disclosure also provides methods including identifying atissue defect for repair, priming the tissue defect surface by treatingwith a priming agent to create a primed tissue surface, applying afibrous polymeric component in combination with a polymerizable agent tosaid tissue defect, and reacting the polymerizable agent with thefibrous polymeric component and the primed tissue surface, inembodiments by exposing the polymerizable agent to a source ofultraviolet radiation, to form a biocompatible composite in the tissuedefect that is covalently bound to the tissue defect surface. Inembodiments, the step of priming the tissue defect also includesexposing the tissue defect to ultraviolet radiation.

In some embodiments, tissue defect to be treated may be adjacent toextracellular matrix, which includes a plurality of tyrosine residues.In this case, the priming step may include oxidizing the extracellularmatrix, so the priming agent includes an oxidizing agent. The resultingprimed extracellular matrix includes a plurality of tyrosyl radicals,the polymerizable agent includes an acrylate group capable of reactingwith the tyrosyl radicals, and the reacting step includes binding thepolymerizable agent to the tyrosyl radicals and crosslinking thepolymerizable agent.

In embodiments, the tissue defect may be exposed to an enzyme prior toapplying the fibrous polymeric component in combination with thepolymerizable agent.

Therapeutic agents may be added to the biocompatible composites of thepresent disclosure.

Methods for repairing tissue defects, including defects in cartilage andbone, are also provided wherein the fibrous polymeric component and thepolymerizable agent are combined to form a biocompatible composite insitu in a living body, including a mammal, such as a human.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be describedhereinbelow with reference to the FIGURE wherein:

FIG. 1 is an image of a repair of an osteochondral defect in a goatpatella with a composite of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Provided are biocompatible composites including a fibrous polymericcomponent in combination with a polymerizable agent, such as a polymerichydrogel, for use in repairing defects in tissue. The biocompatiblecomposite may be formed in vivo, which allows for repair of any shapeddefect, does not require the formation of a distinct repair site, andallows for minimally invasive surgery. In embodiments, the biocompatiblecomposite may be used to repair cartilage. In such a case, thebiocompatible composite may be formed within a joint to be repaired,does not require the formation of an osteochondral repair site, and maybe conducted by a minimally invasive procedure including arthroscopy.

An advantage of certain embodiments of the present disclosure includesthe formation of free radicals following localized mild oxidation of thetissue, which enhances the integration of the biocompatible compositewith surrounding tissue while eliminating the need for a separatephotoinitiator, thereby saving complexity and expense and alleviatingany issue of toxicity of the photoinitiator.

The term “hydrogel” as used herein refers to a hydrophilic cross-linkedpolymer capable of containing a large volume fraction of water. In someembodiments, hydrogels according to the present disclosure can containgreater than about 70-90 volume % water. When a hydrophilic polymer isformed in situ, it may inherently acquire water from its environment orfrom solutions used to create the hydrogel.

The term “cross-linked” as used herein refers to a compositioncontaining intermolecular cross-links and optionally intramolecularcross-links arising from the formation of covalent bonds, ionic bonds,hydrogen bonding, or any combination thereof. “Cross-linkable” refers toa component or compound that is capable of undergoing reaction to form across-linked composition.

As noted above, the biocompatible composite includes a fibrous polymericcomponent in combination with a polymerizable agent. Non-limitingsuitable materials for use as the fibrous polymeric component are withinthe purview of those skilled in the art and include, but are not limitedto, polymeric fibers made of materials including polyhydroxy acids suchas polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid, polyamino acids,hyaluronic acid, gelatin, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polycaprolactone,polydioxanone, trimethylene carbonate, homopolymers thereof, copolymersthereof, other naturally-occurring biodegradable materials, andcombinations thereof.

Other materials which may be used as the fibrous polymeric componentinclude, but are not limited to, polyamides including nylon, polyestersincluding Dacron and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyolefinsincluding polypropylene and polyethylene, polyacrylates, polycarbonates,polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyhydroxyalkanoates, othernon-biodegradable materials, and combinations thereof.

In embodiments, a naturally occurring biodegradable material may becombined with a non-biodegradable material for use as the fibrouspolymeric component.

In embodiments, the fibers may be utilized without treatment orprocessing. In other embodiments, the fibers may be processed intononwovens, fiber webs, meshes and/or felts. Fiber webs and similarstructures may be formed by needling, interlooping, entangling, melting,or sealing of the fibers.

Where the fibrous polymeric component is in the form of a nonwoven, web,mesh or felt, the void volume of such a component may be above about 50%to, in embodiments above about 90% of the component.

Once formed, the fibrous polymeric component may then be used to form abiocompatible composite of the present disclosure by the addition of apolymerizable agent. The polymerizable agent of the present disclosuremay include monomers, macromers, oligomers, polymers, or a mixturethereof. The polymerizable agent may include covalently crosslinkablepolymers, ionically crosslinkable polymers, polymers crosslinkable byredox chemistry, polymers crosslinked by hydrogen bonding, or anycombination thereof. In embodiments, the polymerizable agent may besubstantially hydrophilic and biocompatible.

In embodiments the polymerizable agent may be in a solution. As usedherein, a “solution” includes a solution, a suspension, and/or acolloid.

The term “biocompatible” is art-recognized. For example, biocompatiblepolymers include polymers that are neither themselves toxic to the host(e.g., an animal or human), nor degrade (if the polymer degrades) at arate that produces monomeric or oligomeric subunits or other byproductsat toxic concentrations in the host. In certain embodiments of thepresent disclosure, biodegradation generally involves degradation of thepolymer in an organism, e.g., into its monomeric subunits, which may beknown to be effectively non-toxic. Intermediate oligomeric productsresulting from such degradation may have different toxicologicalproperties, however, or biodegradation may involve oxidation or otherbiochemical reactions that generate molecules other than monomericsubunits of the polymer. Consequently, in certain embodiments,toxicology of a biodegradable polymer intended for in vivo use, such asimplantation or injection into a patient, may be determined after one ormore toxicity analyses. It is not necessary that any subject compositionhave a purity of 100% to be deemed biocompatible; indeed, it is onlynecessary that the subject compositions be biocompatible as set forthabove. Hence, a subject composition may comprise polymers comprising99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% or even less ofbiocompatible polymers, e.g., including polymers and other materials andexcipients described herein, and still be biocompatible.

To determine whether a polymer or other material is biocompatible, itmay be necessary to conduct a toxicity analysis. Such assays are withinthe purview of those skilled in the art. One example of such an assaymay be performed with live carcinoma cells, such as GT3TKB tumor cells,in the following manner: the sample is degraded in 1M NaOH at 37° C.until complete degradation is observed. The solution is then neutralizedwith 1M HCl. About 200 mL of various concentrations of the degradedsample products are placed in 96-well tissue culture plates and seededwith human gastric carcinoma cells (GT3TKB) at 104/well density. Thedegraded sample products are incubated with the GT3TKB cells for 48hours. The results of the assay may be plotted as % relative growth vs.concentration of degraded sample in the tissue-culture well. Inaddition, polymers, polymer matrices, and formulations of the presentdisclosure may also be evaluated by well-known in vivo tests, such assubcutaneous implantations in rats to confirm that they do not causesignificant levels of irritation or inflammation at the subcutaneousimplantation sites.

Nonlimiting suitable materials which may be used as the polymerizableagent include those which form hydrogels or hydrophilic polymers such assynthetic polymers such as polyalkylene oxides including poly(ethyleneglycol), poly(ethylene oxide), and poly(ethyleneoxide)-co-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers (poloxamers andmeroxapols), partially or fully hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol),poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethyloxazoline), poloxamines, carboxymethylcellulose, and hydroxyalkylated celluloses such as hydroxyethylcellulose and methylhydroxypropyl cellulose, and natural polymers suchas polypeptides, polysaccharides or carbohydrates such as FICOLL™,polysucrose, hyaluronic acid, dextran, heparan sulfate, chondroitinsulfate, heparin, or alginate, and proteins such as gelatin, collagen,albumin, or ovalbumin or copolymers or combinations thereof. As usedherein, “celluloses” includes cellulose and derivatives of the typesdescribed above; “dextran” includes dextran and similar derivativesthereof.

Other materials which can be used as the polymerizable agent to form ahydrogel include modified alginates. Alginate is a carbohydrate polymerisolated from seaweed, which can be crosslinked to form a hydrogel byexposure to a divalent cation such as calcium as described, for example,in WO 94/25080, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein bythis reference. Alginate is ionically crosslinked in the presence ofdivalent cations, in water, at room temperature, to form a hydrogelmatrix. Modified alginate derivatives may be synthesized which have animproved ability to form hydrogels. The use of alginate as the startingmaterial is advantageous because it is available from more than onesource, and is available in good purity and characterization. As usedherein, the term “modified alginates” refers to chemically modifiedalginates with modified hydrogel properties. Naturally occurringalginate may be chemically modified to produce alginate polymerderivatives that degrade more quickly. For example, alginate may bechemically cleaved to produce smaller blocks of gellable oligosaccharideblocks and a linear copolymer may be formed with another preselectedmoiety, e.g. lactic acid or epsilon-caprolactone. The resulting polymerincludes alginate blocks which permit ionically catalyzed gelling, andoligoester blocks which produce more rapid degradation depending on thesynthetic design. Alternatively, alginate polymers may be used whereinthe ratio of mannuronic acid to guluronic acid does not produce a filmgel and the alginate polymers may be derivatized with hydrophobic,water-labile chains, e.g., oligomers of epsilon-caprolactone. Thehydrophobic interactions induce gelation, until they degrade in thebody.

Additionally, polysaccharides which gel by exposure to monovalentcations, including bacterial polysaccharides such as gellan gum, andplant polysaccharides such as carrageenans, may be crosslinked to form ahydrogel using methods analogous to those available for the crosslinkingof alginates described above. Polysaccharides which gel in the presenceof monovalent cations form hydrogels upon exposure, for example, to asolution comprising physiological levels of sodium. Hydrogel precursorsolutions also may be osmotically adjusted with a nonion, such asmannitol, and then injected to form a gel.

Polysaccharides that are very viscous liquids or are thixotropic, andform a gel over time by the slow evolution of structure, may also beuseful. For example, hyaluronic acid, which forms an injectable gel witha consistency like a hair gel, may be utilized. Modified hyaluronic acidderivatives may be particularly useful. As used herein, the term“hyaluronic acids” refers to natural and chemically modified hyaluronicacids. Modified hyaluronic acids may be designed and synthesized withpreselected chemical modifications to adjust the rate and degree ofcrosslinking and biodegradation. For example, modified hyaluronic acidsmay be designed and synthesized which are esterified with a relativelyhydrophobic group such as propionic acid or benzylic acid to render thepolymer more hydrophobic and gel-forming, or which are grafted withamines to promote electrostatic self-assembly. Modified hyaluronic acidsthus may be synthesized which are injectable, in that they flow understress, but maintain a gel-like structure when not under stress.Hyaluronic acid and derivatives thereof are available from Genzyme,Cambridge, Mass. and Fidia, Italy.

Other polymeric hydrogel precursors which may be utilized includepolyethylene oxide-polypropylene glycol block copolymers such asPLURONICS™ or TETRONICS™, which are crosslinked by hydrogen bondingand/or by a temperature change, as described in Steinleitner et al.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 77, pp. 48-52 (1991); and Steinleitner etal., Fertility and Sterility, vol. 57, pp. 305-308 (1992). Othermaterials which may be utilized include proteins such as fibrin,collagen and gelatin. Polymer mixtures may also be utilized. Forexample, a mixture of polyethylene oxide and polyacrylic acid which gelsby hydrogen bonding upon mixing may be utilized. In one embodiment, amixture of a 5% w/w solution of polyacrylic acid with a 5% w/wpolyethylene oxide (polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene) can becombined to form a gel over the course of time, e.g., as quickly aswithin a few seconds.

Water soluble polymers with charged side groups may also be utilized andmay be crosslinked by reacting the polymer with an aqueous solutioncontaining ions of the opposite charge, either cations if the polymerhas acidic side groups or anions if the polymer has basic side groups.Examples of cations for cross-linking of the polymers with acidic sidegroups to form a hydrogel are monovalent cations such as sodium,divalent cations such as calcium, and multivalent cations such ascopper, calcium, aluminum, magnesium, strontium, barium, tin, and di-,tri- or tetra-functional organic cations such as alkylammonium salts.Aqueous solutions of the salts of these cations may be added to thepolymers to form soft, highly swollen hydrogels and membranes. Thehigher the concentration of cation, or the higher the valence, thegreater the degree of cross-linking of the polymer. Additionally, thepolymers may be crosslinked enzymatically, e.g., fibrin with thrombin.

Nonlimiting suitable ionically crosslinkable groups include phenols,amines, imines, amides, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and phosphategroups. Negatively charged groups, such as carboxylate, sulfonate andphosphate ions, can be crosslinked with cations such as calcium ions.The crosslinking of alginate with calcium ions is an example of thistype of ionic crosslinking. Positively charged groups, such as ammoniumions, can be crosslinked with negatively charged ions such ascarboxylate, sulfonate and phosphate ions. In embodiments, thenegatively charged ions contain more than one carboxylate, sulfonate orphosphate group.

Suitable anions for cross-linking of the polymerizable agent to form ahydrogel include monovalent, divalent or trivalent anions such as lowmolecular weight dicarboxylic acids, for example, terephthalic acid,sulfate ions and carbonate ions. Aqueous solutions of the salts of theseanions may be added to the polymers to form soft, highly swollenhydrogels and membranes, as described with respect to cations.

A variety of polycations can be used to complex and thereby stabilizethe polymer hydrogel into a semi-permeable surface membrane. Examples ofmaterials that can be used include polymers having basic reactive groupssuch as amine or imine groups, and having a molecular weight from about3,000 to about 100,000, such as polyethylenimine and polylysine. Theseare commercially available. One polycation is poly(L-lysine); examplesof synthetic polyamines include polyethyleneimine, poly(vinylamine), andpoly(allyl amine). There are also natural polycations such as chitosan,a polysaccharide.

Polyanions that can be used to form a semi-permeable membrane byreaction with basic surface groups on the hydrogel include polymers andcopolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and other derivatives ofacrylic acid, polymers with pendant SO₃H groups such as sulfonatedpolystyrene, and polystyrene with carboxylic acid groups. These polymerscan be modified to contain active species polymerizable groups and/orionically crosslinkable groups. Methods for modifying hydrophilicpolymers to include these groups are within the purview of those skilledin the art.

The term “active species polymerizable group” includes a reactivefunctional group that has the capacity to form additional covalent bondsresulting in polymer interlinking upon exposure to active species.Active species include free radicals, cations, and anions. Suitable freeradical polymerizable groups include ethylenically unsaturated groups(i.e., vinyl groups) such as vinyl ethers, allyl groups, unsaturatedmonocarboxylic acids, unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, and unsaturateddicarboxylic acids. Unsaturated monocarboxylic acids include acrylicacid, methacrylic acid and crotonic acid. Unsaturated dicarboxylic acidsinclude maleic, fumaric, itaconic, mesaconic or citraconic acid. In oneembodiment, the active species polymerizable groups may be located atone or more ends of the hydrophilic polymer. In another embodiment, theactive species polymerizable groups may be located within a blockcopolymer with one or more hydrophilic polymers forming the individualblocks. Suitable polymerizable groups include acrylates, diacrylates,oligoacrylates, dimethacrylates, oligomethacrylates, combinationsthereof, and other biologically acceptable photopolymerizable groups. Insome embodiments, it may be useful to use acrylates as the activespecies polymerizable group.

The hydrogels may be intrinsically biodegradable, in some embodiments oflow biodegradability (for predictability of dissolution) but ofsufficiently low molecular weight to allow excretion. The maximummolecular weight to allow excretion in human beings (or other species inwhich use is intended) will vary with polymer type, but may often beabout 20,000 daltons or below. In some embodiments other polymers whichmay be used include water-soluble natural polymers and syntheticequivalents or derivatives, including polypeptides, polynucleotides, anddegradable polysaccharides.

The hydrogels can be a single block with a molecular weight of at leastabout 600, in embodiments about 2000 or more, in other embodiments atleast about 3000. Alternatively, the hydrogels can include two or morewater-soluble blocks which are joined by other groups. Such joininggroups can include biodegradable linkages, polymerizable linkages, orboth. For example, an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, such as maleic,fumaric, or aconitic acid, can be esterified with hydrophilic polymerscontaining hydroxy groups, such as polyethylene glycols, or amidatedwith hydrophilic polymers containing amine groups, such as poloxamines.

In embodiments, covalently crosslinkable polymerizable agents ashydrogel precursors may be useful. For example, a water solublepolyamine, such as chitosan, can be cross-linked with a water solublediisothiocyanate, such as polyethylene glycol diisothiocyanate. Theisothiocyanates will react with the amines to form a chemicallycrosslinked gel. Aldehyde reactions with amines, e.g., with polyethyleneglycol dialdehyde also may be utilized. A hydroxylated water solublepolymer also may be utilized.

Alternatively, hydrogels may be utilized which include substituentswhich are crosslinked by a radical reaction upon contact with a radicalinitiator. For example, polymers including ethylenically unsaturatedgroups which can be photochemically crosslinked may be utilized, asdisclosed in WO 93/17669, the entire disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference. In this embodiment, water soluble macromers thatinclude at least one water soluble region, a biodegradable region, andat least two free radical-polymerizable regions, may be provided. Themacromers may be polymerized by exposure of the polymerizable regions tofree radicals generated, for example, by photosensitive chemicals and orlight. Examples of these macromers include PEG-oligolactyl-acrylates,wherein the acrylate groups may be polymerized using radical initiatingsystems, such as an eosin dye, or by brief exposure to ultraviolet orvisible light. Additionally, water soluble polymers, including cinnamoylgroups which may be photochemically crosslinked, may be utilized asdisclosed in Matsuda et al., ASAIO Trans., vol. 38, pp. 154-157 (1992).

In embodiments, a crosslinking agent may also be added to the fibrouspolymeric component and the polymerizable agent to enhance formation ofthe biocompatible composite of the present disclosure in situ. Suchcrosslinking agents are within the purview of those skilled in the artand include, for example, aldehydes including glutaraldehyde, imidesincluding carbodiimide, free radical initiators including2,2′-Azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine)dihydrochloride, benzoylperoxide, trimethylol propane (TMP), and combinations thereof. Thecrosslinking agent selected will depend upon the reaction chemistry ofthe fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent.

In general, the polymerizable agent used to form the hydrogels may be atleast partially soluble in aqueous solutions, such as water, bufferedsalt solutions, or aqueous alcohol solutions. Methods for the synthesisof the other polymeric hydrogels described above are within the purviewof those skilled in the art. See, for example Concise Encyclopedia ofPolymer Science and Polymeric Amines and Ammonium Salts, E. Goethals,editor (Pergamen Press, Elmsford, N.Y. 1980). Many polymers, such aspoly(acrylic acid), are commercially available.

Naturally occurring and synthetic polymers may be modified usingchemical reactions available in the art and described, for example, inMarch, “Advanced Organic Chemistry,” 4th Edition, 1992,Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York. Such methods may be used to,for example, introduce acrylate groups as described herein.

The hydrophilic polymers that include active species or crosslinkablegroups may include at least about 1.02 polymerizable or crosslinkablegroups on average, and, in some embodiments, each may include about twoor more polymerizable or crosslinkable groups on average. Because eachpolymerizable group will polymerize into a chain, crosslinked hydrogelscan be produced using only slightly more than one reactive group perpolymer (i.e., about 1.02 polymerizable groups on average). However,higher percentages may be desirable, and excellent gels can be obtainedin polymer mixtures in which most or all of the molecules have two ormore reactive double bonds. Poloxamines, an example of a hydrophilicpolymer, have four arms and thus may readily be modified to include fourpolymerizable groups.

In embodiments, it may be desirable to include a therapeutic agent inthe polymerizable agent utilized to form a hydrogel. Such therapeuticagents may include, for example, growth factors proteins,polysaccharides, nucleic acid molecules, and synthetic organic orinorganic molecules including drugs which may be useful for therapeutic,prophylactic, diagnostic purposes, or medicinal. Drugs which may beutilized include antibiotics, antivirals, chemotherapeutic agents,anti-angiogenic agents, hormones, drugs having an effect on vascularflow, anti-inflammatories, and many others routinely used.

In embodiments, the polymerizable agent may include two or morepolymers, which may crosslink to form a semi-interpenetrating network.For example, the blend could include PEO, which is ionicallycrosslinkable, and diamethacrylated PEO, which is covalentlycrosslinkable, in amounts of about 10 to about 40% by weight.Alternatively, blends of two covalently crosslinkable polymers can beused, selected on the basis that they form a network of crosslinkedhomopolymers, not to each other. Advantages of the semi-interpenetratingnetworks include the diffusion of non-crosslinked polymer, which canprovide advantageous degradation properties.

The amount of polymerizable agent may vary in amounts of about 5% byweight to about 45% by weight of a solution including the polymerizableagent, in embodiments about 10% by weight to about 40% by weight of thesolution, in some embodiments about 20% by weight to about 35% by weightof the solution.

Once the fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent are inplace at the tissue defect to be repaired, they may be subjected toradiation to enhance formation of the biocompatible composite of thepresent disclosure in situ. Suitable radiation treatments are within thepurview of those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to,ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The radiation treatment may enhancepolymerization of the polymerizable agent with itself and the fibrouspolymeric component to form a biocompatible composite of the presentdisclosure.

In embodiments, the fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizableagent may be subjected to radiation at an intensity of in amounts ofabout 2 mW/cm² to about 20 mW/cm², in embodiments in amounts of about 3mW/cm² to about 10 mW/cm², in yet other embodiments in amounts of about4 mW/cm² to about 6 mW/cm². Suitable periods of time for this radiationtreatment may be about 2 minutes to about 60 minutes, in embodimentsabout 4 minutes to about 20 minutes, in yet other embodiments about 5minutes to about 15 minutes.

In embodiments, the radiation treatment may also enhance polymerizationof the polymerizable agent with tissue located at the repair site,thereby enhancing both the formation of the biocompatible composite ofthe present disclosure in situ and its adherence with tissue located atthe repair site. Any technique can be employed to covalently bond thehydrogel to tissue, including but not limited to the techniquesdisclosed in the application published as Publication No.US20050196377A1 entitled Method and Material for EnhancedTissue-biomaterial Integration, and the international applicationpublished as PCT Publication No. WO 2004/029137A2 entitled Cross-linkedPolymer Matrices, and Methods of Making and Using Same. The entiredisclosures of these two applications are incorporated herein by thisreference.

In another embodiment, the biocompatible composite can be formed by thepolymerization of the fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizableagent without radiation. Suitable agents to induce polymerization of thefibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent include chemicalagents such as reducing agents and oxidizing agents. Suitable oxidizingagents include ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, magnesiumascorbate-2-phosphate, and sodium thiosulfate. Suitable reducing agents,include ammonium peroxosulfate, sodium peroxosulfate, potassiumperoxosulfate, and hydrogen peroxide.

A biocompatible composite of the present disclosure may include thefibrous polymeric component in an amount of about 5% to about 90% byweight of the biocompatible composite, in other embodiments of about 30%to about 75% by weight of the biocompatible composite.

In embodiments, a biocompatible composite of the present disclosure mayinclude the polymerizable agent in an amount of about 95% to about 10%by weight of the biocompatible composite, in other embodiments about 70%to about 25% by weight of the biocompatible composite.

Where it is desirable for the polymerizable agent to polymerize withtissue at the site of the defect to be repaired, it may be desirable topretreat the site of the defect with a priming agent to improve theability of the polymerizable agent to polymerize with the tissue. Forexample, where the biocompatible composite is to be used to repaircartilage, the priming step may permit the polymerizable agent used informing the biocompatible composite to form covalent bonds between thepolymerizable agent and collagen or other matrix proteins at the repairsite, thereby providing a mechanism for stable and permanent interactionbetween the biocompatible composite implant and the surrounding hosttissue, including articular cartilage. For example, tyrosine residues onprotein form tyrosyl radicals after mild oxidation. See, Qian, et al.,Identification of Protein-Derived Tyrosyl Radical in the Reaction ofCytochrome C and Hydrogen Peroxide: Characterization by EsrSpin-Trapping, Hplc and Ms. Biochem J, 2002. 363(Pt 2): p. 281-8.

Nonlimiting suitable priming agents are within the purview of thoseskilled in the art and include, for example, oxidizing agents and thelike. Nonlimiting suitable oxidizing agents include hydrogen peroxide,citric acid, peracetic acid, nitric acid, peroxyhalogen acids,hydroxyperoxides, combinations thereof, and the like.

The concentration of an oxidizing agent used to treat the tissue defectmay be in amounts of about 0.1 mM to about 300 mM, in embodiments inamounts of about 50 mM to about 250 mM, in other embodiments in amountsof about 100 mM to about 200 mM.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to apply a priming agent incombination with additional treatments, including photo-oxidation underUV irradiation. This exposure to UV radiation to enhance oxidation ofthe tissue, sometimes referred to herein as a UV treatment, is separatefrom the UV polymerization described above whereby UV radiation enhancesthe polymerization of the polymerizable agent in forming thebiocompatible composite and optionally linking the biocompatiblecomposite with tissue at the site of the defect being repaired. Suitabletimes for exposure to UV radiation during the oxidative treatment may beabout 1 minute to about 30 minutes, in embodiments about 5 minutes toabout 15 minutes.

In addition, in embodiments it may be desirable to subject the site of atissue defect to an enzymatic treatment to further enhancepolymerization of the polymerizable agent with the host tissue at thesite of the defect to be repaired. Nonlimiting suitable enzymes include,for example, chondroitinases and the like. In embodiments, for examplewhere the biocompatible composite of the present disclosure is to beused to repair a defect in cartilage, it may be desirable to expose thedefect to be treated with an enzyme such as a chondroitinase, includingchondroitinase ABC, chondroitinase AC, chondroitinase AC II,chondroitinase AC III, chondroitinase B, and the like, to removeproteoglycans and expose collagen at the site of the defect, therebyenhancing the ability of the polymerizable agent to polymerize withtissue at the site of the defect.

The amount of enzyme applied may be in amounts of about 0.2 U/ml toabout 10 U/ml.

Methods of Implantation

A range of different biomaterials may be used as the fibrous polymericcomponent and the polymerizable agent, each possessing differentmechanical properties and different degradation rates. Thus,biocompatible composites of the present disclosure may be utilized torepair a wide variety of tissue defects.

The fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent may becombined in situ by any suitable technique. Where the fibrous polymericcomponent is in the form of a mesh, felt, web, and the like, the fibrouspolymeric component may be cut to the desired shape for placement intothe tissue defect, and the polymerizable agent applied thereto. Thecombination is then positioned at the site of a tissue defect andallowed to crosslink in situ, thereby forming the biocompatiblecomposite of the present disclosure. The fibrous polymeric component andthe polymerizable agent may be applied simultaneously or in any order.For example, the polymerizable agent may be applied to a tissue defectfollowed by the application of the fibrous of polymeric component, andthen crosslinked in situ. In embodiments, the fibrous polymericcomponent may be applied to a tissue defect followed by the applicationof the polymerizable agent, and then crosslinked in situ. In otherembodiments, the polymerizable agent may be applied to a tissue defectfollowed by the application of the fibrous polymeric component, followedby the application of additional polymerizable agent, and thencrosslinked in situ. Any combinations of polymerizable agent and fibrouspolymeric component may be utilized to correct a tissue defect; multipleapplications of the polymerizable agent and fibrous polymeric componentmay occur, in embodiments forming multiple layers, which may then beallowed to cross-link in situ to correct a tissue defect.

In other embodiments, a polymerizable agent and fibrous polymericcomponent may be combined ex vivo and allowed to cross-link, with theresulting biocompatible composite then implanted at the site of a tissuedefect to correct same.

As both the fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent maybe passed through about a 5 mm hole, the components may be introduced tothe site of a tissue defect arthroscopically, or by similar means,including by catheter, laparoscope, thoracoscope, and the like, furtherminimizing trauma to the patient.

One could also apply an external mold to shape the fibrous polymericcomponent and the polymerizable agent. Additionally, by controlling therate of polymerization, it may be possible to mold the biocompatiblecomposite of the present disclosure similar to how one would mold clay.

In embodiments, the biocompatible composite may be introduced into anarea wherever a bulking agent is desired, i.e., a soft tissue deformitysuch as that seen with areas of muscle atrophy due to congenital oracquired diseases, or secondary to trauma, burns, and the like. Anexample of this would be the introduction of the fibrous polymericcomponent and the polymerizable agent in the upper torso of a patientwith muscular atrophy secondary to nerve damage.

The biocompatible composite can also be introduced as a bulking agentfor hard tissue defects, such as bone or cartilage defects, eithercongenital or acquired disease states, or secondary to trauma or burns.An example of this would be the introduction of the fibrous polymericcomponent and the polymerizable agent into the area surrounding theskull where a bony deformity exists secondary to trauma.

The fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent could alsobe introduced to a site of a tissue defect through a catheter having asufficiently large exit opening, optionally with fluoroscopic,sonographic, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or othertype of radiologic guidance. This would allow for placement of thefibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent to specificorgans or other tissue regions in the body, wherever a bulking agentwould be required.

Further, the fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agentcould be introduced through a laparoscope or thoracoscope having asufficiently large exit opening, to any intraperitoneal orextraperitoneal or thoracic organ. For example, the fibrous polymericcomponent and the polymerizable agent could be introduced in the regionof the gastroesophageal junction for the correcting of gastroesophagealreflux. This could be performed either with a thoracoscope introducingthe substance in the esophageal portion of the gastroesophageal region,or via a laparoscope by injecting the substance in the gastric portionof the gastroesophageal region, or by a combined approach.

The fibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent can also beapplied during the course of reconstructive surgery, as well as anywherein the human body where a biocompatible material is necessary. Thefibrous polymeric component and the polymerizable agent can beintroduced endoscopically, for example through a laryngoscope, forinjection into the vocal chords for the treatment of dysphonia, orthrough a hysteroscope for injection into the fallopian tubes as amethod of rendering the patient infertile, or through a proctoscope, forinjection of the substance in the perirectal sphincter area, therebyincreasing the resistance in the sphincter area and rendering thepatient continent of stool.

Tears in fibrocartilage and soft tissue, especially meniscal tearsincluding peripheral meniscal tears, may be repaired by application ofcompositions in accordance with the present disclosure to the site ofthe tear and thereby covalently binding the polymerizable agent to thefibrocartilage or soft tissue. Typically, a tear in the vascular regionof the meniscus is repaired using arthroscopic techniques. An instrumentfor application of the present compositions may be inserted throughsmall incisions which serve as anterior knee portals. Sutures or clipsmay be passed through a meniscal repair instrument and through themeniscus as a supplemental support to maintain the torn edges in anapproximated position. The use of the present compositions that includea polymerizable agent reapproximates the torn edges of the meniscus andallows for healing of the tear.

In another embodiment, the present compositions may be used to repairtears or defects in periosteum. Such defects in the periosteumfrequently occur around bone fracture sites where it is usuallydestroyed and cannot serve as a membrane barrier against the dislocationof bone fragments. By application of compositions in accordance with thepresent disclosure to the site of the tear or defect, and therebycovalently binding the polymerizable agent to the periosteum, repairand/or regrowth of the periosteum can be achieved. Morphogenic proteinsmay also be combined with the fibrous polymeric component, thepolymerizable agent, or both, which attract mesenchymal stem cells fromthe periosteum. The attracted elements are then directed todifferentiate into bone forming cells, which are essential for new boneformation by the patient. Thus, by repairing the periosteum, the presentcompositions and methods may also assist in the regeneration of defectsin bone.

In another embodiment, the present compositions may be used to attachperiosteum and other extracellular matrices to cartilage, as part of acartilage repair method. Cartilage defects frequently occur withindiarthrodial joints, and a prior method used to attempt to repair theseincludes the implantation of cells into the defect site, and attachmentof periosteum or other extracellular matrices over the defect site, bysuturing in place. The suturing method is difficult and can damage thesurrounding articular cartilage. By application of compositions inaccordance with the present disclosure, wherein the polymerizable agentcombines with the fibrous polymeric component and covalently attaches tothe periosteum and cartilage, a repair of the articular cartilage may beachieved by formation of the biocompatible composite in situ.

In another embodiment, the present compositions may be used to attachpreparations of subintestinal submucosa and other extracellular matricesto a tendon or ligament, as used to enhance repair of these tissues.Tendon and ligament tears frequently occur, for example in the rotatorcuff of the shoulder, and surgical repair is used suturing the rotatorcuff together and to the bone, with the inclusion of a subintestinalsubmucosa or other extracellular matrix preparations over the repairsite, to enhance the repair. However, prior methods suture thesematerials in place, providing poor physical attachment over much of therepair area. By application of compositions in accordance with thepresent disclosure thereby forming a biocompatible composite in situ andadhering same to the rotator cuff, and optionally covalently attachingthe polymerizable agent to any subintestinal submucosa or otherextracellular matrix preparations which may also be used in repairingthe defect, an improved repair may be achieved.

In some embodiments, the biocompatible composites of the presentdisclosure may be designed to possess compressive and tensile propertieswithin the range of native articular cartilage and thus may be utilizedto form a functional repair of a chondral defect, which may involvebinding the biocompatible composite constructs of the present disclosureto articular cartilage surrounding the chondral defect. Moreover,covalent bonds between the polymerizable agent and host cartilage can beestablished, thus adhesion of the biocompatible composite to hostcartilage can be achieved with tensile strength in the range of normalarticular cartilage, without compromising cell viability. Thebiocompatible composite of the present disclosure may also be used forfemoral chondyle repair.

The biocompatible composite of the present disclosure may also be usedto attach cartilage to bone, bone to bone, and in the repair of bonedefects. Other tissues which may be repaired with a composite of thepresent disclosure include, but are not limited to, ligaments, tendons,skin, muscle, fascia, breast tissue, and the like. The biocompatiblecomposite of the present disclosure exhibits resiliency to repeat andextensive loading.

The present disclosure will now be described with reference to certaininstructive, non-limiting examples.

Example 1

A biocompatible composite construct was used to repair a chondralarticular defect. To determine the feasibility of assembling thebiocompatible composite construct in situ, the articular surface of acalf knee femoral chondyle was exposed and a chondral defect with adiameter of 10 mm and depth of 2 mm was created on the articularsurface, using a 10 mm diameter drill. (The depth of the bovinearticular cartilage was approximately 2.5-3.0 mm.) A disc of PLA-felt(OD=10 and thickness=2 mm) was soaked in hydrogel (18.5%) and placed inthe defect site. The remaining spaces between the fibers at the defectsite were filled with hydrogel before exposure to UV (10 mW/cm² for 10minutes).

This method resulted in the assembly of a crosslinked biocompatiblecomposite construct within the chondral defect of calf articularcartilage, thereby completely repairing the defect. The construct wascompletely attached to the surrounding tissue and easily stood its ownweight. The surface of the construct was smooth and there was no gapbetween the construct and surrounding articular cartilage. The constructwas then cut and removed from the defect site and examined. The crosssection of the construct illustrated that it obtained a curvature thatmatched the architecture of the articular cartilage surface at thedefect site.

A similar experiment was conducted to repair a defect in a largerfemoral chondyle defect in situ. The femoral chondyle defect to berepaired was an irregular defect of approximately 2.5 cm×2 cm (500 mm²);a PET felt disc was prepared as described above for implantation byimmersion in a hydrogel. The combination of the PET felt disc andhydrogel were subjected to UV radiation as described above, whichresulted in a complete repair of the chondyle defect with the construct,with the repair site possessing a smooth surface and contour whichmatched the area of the chondyle that was being restored.

Example 2

A PET felt and PEG hydrogel are selected as materials used to form abiocompatible composite by embedding the felt in a 10% polyethyleneglycol diacrylate solution polymerized using UV light (10 mW/cm² for 300seconds). Both materials are regarded as non-degradable, and arecurrently being used in FDA-approved devices. The non-degradable featureallows for the potential of relatively long term function of thebiocompatible composite. The use of materials in already approvedproducts provides an excellent safety profile, removing a major area ofpotential concern.

The compressive modulus, permeability, and tensile modulus of thebiocompatible composite construct are all within the range of normalarticular cartilage. The mechanical properties of the biocompatiblecomposite may be optimized to approach those of native articularcartilage, using a Design of Experiment (DOE) approach. This involves afactorial design, using a commercial software package, DESIGN-EXPERT®from Stat-Ease, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.).

Three factors considered most influential on the mechanical propertiesof the constructs are controlled in the experiments: PET-felt voidfraction, PEGDA concentration, and UV polymerization time; the operatingranges of interest are shown below in Table 1. The DOE study isperformed with 3 variables, using low, center and high points for eachvariable.

TABLE 1 Factors (Controlled Factor Levels Variables) Units Low CenterHigh PET-Felt Void Fraction % 93 95 97 PEGDA Concentration % 20 25 30 UVPolymerization Time Min. 5 10 15

A two-level, full (2^(K)) factorial design, with 2 replicates and 3center points, are used to identify the parameters that are mostinfluential on tensile and compressive properties of the constructs. Thedesign results in 19 conditions being used in this experiment. This DOEstudy allows main effects and factor interactions to be clear of anyaliases. Also, two and three factor interactions are generated andtherefore factor interactions are determined. Additionally, the centerpoints are an indication of non-linearity effects of the factors on theoutcome measures. A power calculation indicates that there is about a95.3% chance of detecting an effect the size of 2 standard deviations.

The constructs undergo mechanical testing to determine tensile andcompressive properties, and the following parameters are regarded as theprimary outcome measures: tensile modulus, compressive modulus, andpermeability. Results obtained from the DOE study are analyzed by ANOVAusing DESIGN-EXPERT®, and significance of the major factors and factorinteractions is based on 0.05.

Some of the factors and combination of the factors are expected tocontribute significantly to the resultant outcome measures. Analysis ofthe results determine the magnitude and directionality of these effectsand allow one to select a formulation to be tested in a confirmatoryexperiment to determine the accuracy of the selected values for eachinfluential parameter to be used in a comparative study.

Constructs with properties similar to native articular cartilage havethe target ranges set forth below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Compressive modulus Permeability (10⁻¹⁵ m⁴/N- Tensile modulus(Mpa) s) 1.0-8 MPa 0.2-0.8 2.0-0.15

Example 3

The adhesion of the biocompatible composite construct to cartilage maybe further optimized. Differences between nasal and articular cartilage,and between hydrogel and a fiber hydrogel, may be utilized to form thebasis of a new optimization study. The DESIGN-EXPERT® software is usedto design a DOE study for articular cartilage with the objective toidentify the most influential parameters and their optimal operatingranges for adhering native articular cartilage to hydrogel-fiberconstructs. Since one mechanism for the reaction of cartilage with thehydrogel has been demonstrated to be through tyrosine residues incollagen, the surface of cartilage is enzymatically treated withchondroitinase to remove proteoglycans and expose collagen.

A DOE study is performed to identify general treatment parameters forenzymatic and oxidative treatments. It is acknowledged that these mayinteract, and therefore the data is generated to identify the keyparameters. Six factors are used in the DOE study: chondroitinase ABCconcentration, peroxide concentration, PEGDA concentration, UV treatmenttime, UV polymerization time, and presence or absence of PET felt. Table3 shows the factors and ranges for each factor to be used in thisexperiment.

TABLE 3 Factor Levels Factors (Controlled Variables) Units Low CenterHigh Chondroitinase ABC U/ml 0 5 10 Concentration Peroxide ConcentrationMM 0 150 300 PEGDA Concentration % 20 25 30 UV Treatment Time Min. 0 1020 UV Polymerization Time Min. 5 15 15 PET-Felt Scaffold Categorical NO— YES

The outcome measures are: (a) cell viability analysis; (b) surfacechemical analysis; and (C) end-to-end tensile mechanical analysis. Theexperimental design uses 38 conditions that are explored in thetwo-level 2⁽⁶⁻¹⁾ half-factorial design with 3 center points. Using thehalf-factorial design, one can efficiently select the most influentialparameters and their ranges which are used to select the finalparameters and their exact values. These parameters and their values areconfirmed in a confirmatory experiment. It is noted that in thistwo-level 2⁽⁶⁻¹⁾ half-factorial DOE study the single factor effect isaliased with 5 other factor interactions. For example, the effect offactor A is aliased with 5 other factors B, C, D, E, and F interactions([A]=A+BCDEF). However, usually in this kind of model there is only avery low chance of having 4 or 5 factor interactions, therefore theeffect reported is mostly due to the contribution of factor [A] and notthe 5 other factor interactions [BCDEF]. This allows the use ofhalf-factorial and still examine the effect of each single factor. TheDESIGN-EXPERT® software power calculation indicates a 98.4% chance ofdetecting an effect the size of 2 standard deviations using this study.

Preparation of Articular Cartilage. Articular cartilage blocks (9×5×2mm³) are harvested from knees (the patella groove) of 1-2 year oldskeletally mature adult bovines. Samples are used fresh (for viabilityassessment) or stored for 24 hours to 96 hours at 4° C. in PBScontaining a mixture of antibiotic and antimycotic agents. The cartilageblocks are cut using a die cutter and placed into a Teflon holder, asdescribed above in Example 6, and undergo treatment for tissue-initiatedphoto polymerization.

Tissue-initiated photo polymerization. The surface of cartilage isenzymatically treated with chondroitinase (0-10 units/ml for 1 hour at37° C.) to remove proteoglycans and expose collagen. Photo-oxidation ofthe cartilage surfaces are performed in an open system with 0, 150 or300 mM Na₂S₂O₈ (in PBS) under UV-radiation (365 nm; 5 mW/cm²; UV light,EXFO Acticure® 4000) for 5, 10 or 15 minutes, respectively. Excessperoxide are removed and thoroughly washed off by PBS.

One piece of the cartilage is placed at the end of a holder and theother side of the holder are filled with hydrogel. Pre-argon-bubbledPEGDA solutions (20%, 25% and 30%, w/v in PBS) are added to thecartilage surfaces with photo-initiator Irgacure 2959 (Ciba SpecialtyChemicals, Tarrytown, N.Y., 0.05% final concentration). When PET-feltscaffold is present (indicated by “YES” in Table 3), a piece of PET-felt(5 mm width×9 mm length and 2 mm thickness) are placed next to thearticular cartilage and the hydrogel are applied to fill the well beforeexposure to the UV light. The reactants are then exposed to UV-radiation(365 nm; 5 mW/cm²) for polymerization.

Following the polymerization of the gel and end-to-end adhesion of thecartilage to hydrogel or hydrogel-fiber composite, the samples aresubjected to mechanical analysis including both tensile testing tomeasure the peak stress required to separate the two pieces from eachother and compression testing, surface chemical analyses using ATR-FTIRto confirm the covalent bonding of the PEGDA to the cartilage tissue,and/or viability analyses using the Live-Dead Assay (Invitrogen) tomeasure the thickness of the dead tissue in each specimen.

Tensile testing. The tensile properties are determined as described byWilliamson, et al., Tensile Mechanical Properties of Bovine ArticularCartilage: Variations with Growth and Relationships to Collagen NetworkComponents. J Orthop Res, 2003. 21(5): p. 872-80. The equilibriumtensile stiffness (K_(t)) and modulus (E_(t)) is calculated by fittingthe approximately linear region of the stress-strain curve with theinitial length taken as that corresponding to a stress of 0.05 MPa. Thedynamic tensile strength (F_(ult)) and ultimate stress (σ_(ult)) aretaken as the ultimate load, and that normalized to the originalcross-sectional area.

Compression testing. Disks 9.6 mm are cut, the thickness measured, andthe sample placed into a confining chamber between two porous stainlesssteel platens. Static and dynamic confined compression tests areperformed. The test sequence consists of applying a 0-15% rampcompression to the sample, allowing the resultant load to relax toequilibrium, followed by application of a series of oscillatorydisplacements at frequencies ranging from 0.01-0.5 Hz and amplitudesfrom 1% to 0.3%. The sample is then subjected to additional rampcompressions to 30% and then 45%, and oscillatory tests at the sameamplitudes and frequencies conducted at each static offset compressionlevel. The equilibrium confined compression modulus H_(A0), hydraulicpermeability at each of the offset compression levels, kp (ε=0.15, 0.3,and 0.45), and strain-dependent parameter, M, are determined.

Confirmation of surface reaction. The reaction of the polymer with thecartilage surface is determined chemically using ATR (attenuated totalreflectance)-IR and morphologically using SEM. After polymerization andthorough washing of the polymer and cartilage surface, FT-IR spectra ofthe cartilage surface that is successfully reacted with polymer haveadditional peaks at 1110 cm⁻¹ for ether, 945 cm⁻¹ for PEO, and 1730 cm⁻¹for the carbonyl. For morphological analysis, cartilage-hydrogelconstructs are frozen and fractured at the polymer-cell interface. Whenthe polymer is chemically reacted with cartilage, the tissue surface isaltered compared to control cartilage surfaces that are untreated.

Live-Dead Assay. Potential toxicity to the chondrocytes surrounding thearea of treatment and polymer attachment is examined using a Live-DeadKit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.). Treated cartilage samples areexposed to calcein and ethidium homodimer-1 according to themanufacturer's instructions. After washing in PBS to remove excessreagents, a center slice is cut and analyzed using a fluorescentmicroscope. Pictures are recorded electronically and the extent ofnon-viable tissue measured by comparison to a stage micrometer (FisherScientific).

Results from the design are analyzed by ANOVA using the DESIGN-EXPERT®software and significance of the major variables (factors) and factorinteractions are based on p≦0.05. The analysis provides the optimalsolutions for maximizing tensile strength and cell viability.

Example 4

The results obtained in Example 3 are used to design a second DOE study,to optimize the use of biocompatible composites of the presentdisclosure for the repair of articular cartilage. Analysis of theresults obtained in Example 3 allow one to select a smaller set offormulations to be tested in this second DOE study. This experimentoptimizes the adhesion strength, cell viability, and minimize the timeof the procedure. The targeted outcomes are shown below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Peak stress Cell viability ATR-FTIR >240 KPa <200 nm depthPresence of covalent bond

The peak stress target of 240 kPa is selected as a substantial increasein adhesive strength over previous methods, being three fold higher thanthe highest value published in the literature, and is about 25% of thelower range of native articular cartilage; in turn, this is within therange of safety factors defined for other musculoskeletal tissues(tendon: 2.5 times to about 10 times, bone: about 1.4 times to about 4times).

Cell death occurs in cartilage adjacent to a cut surface. Reactionconditions are accepted as compatible if the region of cell death doesnot extend beyond that seen after cutting cartilage.

Results obtained for the common factors explored in Examples 9 and 10above (i.e. UV polymerization time, PEGDA concentration, and PET-feltscaffold) may be different. The DESIGN-EXPERT® software provides aranking of multiple solutions for optimizing the interaction of theparameters in this study, and the optimal matching solution isdetermined in this Example. This solution is confirmed in a confirmatoryexperiment.

The experimental processes described in this Example and Examples 2 and3 above allow one to optimally and accurately determine the value ofeach influential parameter to develop hydrogel-fiber biocompatiblecomposites in accordance with the present disclosure possessingmechanical properties similar to native articular cartilage. Thebiocompatible composite may be formed in situ, and can be covalentlybound to articular cartilage with maximum adhesive strength and cellviability at the adhesion site. The time of the procedure is minimizedwith the intent to reduce the impact of the procedure time on the totalsurgery time and cost.

Example 5

This Experiment demonstrates the formation and attachment of thebiocompatible composite device in situ.

The conditions identified in Examples 2-4 are used to determine if thebiocompatible composite construct can be assembled within an articulardefect in situ, and if the adhesion process keeps the hydrogel-fiberconstruct in place and prevents the dislocation of the construct. Theexperimental model system is as described in Example 1 above: a chondraldefect (10 mm diameter×2 mm deep) is made in the articular surface ofcalf knee femoral condyle. The biocompatible composite construct isassembled within the defect site as described above in Example 1, andthe adhesion reaction performed under those conditions described inExample 1.

The result is an assembled biocompatible composite construct adhered tothe surrounding host articular cartilage. The repair is assessed for (a)mechanical properties of the construct, and (b) adhesive strength to thesurrounding host articular cartilage. The composite constructs orconstruct-cartilage samples are carefully dissected from the repairsites. Constructs are assessed for compressive modulus, permeability,and tensile modulus. The construct-cartilage samples are also tested foradhesive strength and cell viability. The experimental design is shownbelow in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Construct analysis N Tissue adhesion analysis N Tensile testing6 Tensile testing 6 Compression testing 6 Cell viability 6

The objective is to achieve mechanical properties of the construct, andadhesive strength.

Example 6

The methodology and structures described above were assessed todetermine their ability to repair tissue defects in vivo. Osteochondraldefects (4.5 mm in width, 8 mm depth) were created in the patella grooveof goat knees (n=3). PLLA mesh was placed into the defect site, primingwas performed, PEG hydrogel was applied and crosslinked, resulting in acompletely filled defect site. The goats were allowed normal activityfor 4 weeks, killed and the knees harvested. Gross examination andhistology showed that the defect sites remained repaired, filled withthe hydrogel-scaffold, that was adhered to the surrounding articular andbone tissue. An image of the repair site is shown in FIG. 1.

While the present disclosure has been described with reference tocertain embodiments, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognizethat additions, deletions, substitutions, modifications and improvementscan be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure as defined by the appended claims.

1. (canceled)
 2. A biocompatible composite comprising a woven fibrousmaterial; a hydrogel at least partially encasing the woven fibrousmaterial, the hydrogel formed in situ at a site of a periosteum defect,at least a portion of the hydrogel covalently bonded to periosteum; anda morphogenic protein associated with the woven fibrous material.
 3. Thebiocompatible composite of claim 2, wherein the woven fibrous materialis made from a material selected from the group consisting ofpolyhydroxy acids, polyamino acids, polyamides, polyesters, polyolefins,polyacrylates, polycarbonates, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and combinationsthereof.
 4. The biocompatible composite of claim 2, wherein the wovenfibrous material is made from a material selected from the groupconsisting of polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone,polydioxanone, trimethylene carbonate, hyaluronic acid, gelatin,cellulose, nitrocellulose, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate,polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and combinationsthereof.
 5. The biocompatible composite of claim 2, wherein the hydrogelis derived from a material selected from the group consisting ofpolyalkylene oxides, poloxamines, celluloses, hydroxyalkylatedcelluloses, polypeptides, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, proteins,copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof.
 6. The biocompatiblecomposite of claim 2, wherein the hydrogel is derived from a materialselected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol),poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone),poly(ethyloxazoline), poly(ethylene oxide)-co-poly(propylene oxide)block copolymers, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,methylhydroxypropyl cellulose, polysucrose, hyaluronic acid, dextran,heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, alginate, gelatin,collagen, albumin, ovalbumin, copolymers thereof, and combinationsthereof.
 7. The biocompatible composite of claim 2, wherein the hydrogelis derived from a material possessing at least one free radicalpolymerizable group selected from the group consisting of acrylates,diacrylates, oligoacrylates, dimethacrylates, oligomethacrylates, andcombinations thereof.
 8. The biocompatible composite of claim 2, whereinthe hydrogel is derived from a material that is polymerizable whenexposed to a source of ultraviolet radiation.
 9. The biocompatiblecomposite of claim 2, wherein the hydrogel is derived from a materialthat is polymerizable when exposed to a chemical agent.
 10. Thebiocompatible composite of claim 2, wherein the hydrogel is derived froma cross-linker selected from the group consisting of poly(L-lysine),polyethyleneimine, poly(vinylamine), poly(allylamine), chitosan,sulfonated polystyrene, glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide,2,2′t-Azobis(N,N′dimethyleneisobutyramidine)dihydrochloride, benzoylperoxide, and combinations thereof.
 11. The biocompatible composite ofclaim 2, further comprising a therapeutic agent.